In Gonzalez-Caballero v. Mena, 251 F.3d 789 (9th
Cir. (Ariz.) 2001) the mother, a citizen of Panama, filed petition for
return of her child against child's father, an American citizen. The
district court's conclusions of law and conclusions of international law
are reviewed de novo. Its findings of fact are reviewed under the
clearly erroneous standard.
An appellate court must accept the lower court's
findings of fact unless the appellate court is left with the definite
and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
The mother's right to return of her child under the
ICARA was extinguished, where the mother had consented to the father's
removal and retention of the parties' child from Panama to the United
States, even though the mother subsequently changed her mind.